Pubblicato 2024-09-05
Parole chiave
- selvicoltura naturalistica,
- foreste vergini,
- ecologia del disturbo,
- etica della foresta,
- silvosistemica
Come citare
Copyright (c) 2024 Susanna Nocentini

Questo lavoro è fornito con la licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione - Non commerciale 4.0 Internazionale.
Abstract
Negli ultimi anni le parole chiave nella gestione delle risorse ambientali sono diventate “natura” e “naturalità”. L’obiettivo di questo contributo è di analizzare come si è evoluto il concetto di natura in relazione alla gestione forestale e se questo possa portare un progresso nella ricerca di una gestione che riesca a tener conto dei molteplici valori che vengono oggi riconosciuti alle foreste.
I primi tentativi di orientare in senso “naturalistico” la selvicoltura risalgono a ben oltre un secolo fa, quando i forestali cercarono ispirazione nello studio delle foreste vergini, per trarre indicazioni su cui plasmare la selvicoltura. Questa impostazione fa riferimento al paradigma classico in ecologia che per molti anni è stato il “paradigma dell’equilibrio”. Più recentemente, l’affermarsi della cosiddetta “ecologia del disturbo” ha contribuito al riconoscimento del ruolo dei disturbi naturali nel determinare la struttura, la biodiversità e lo sviluppo degli ecosistemi forestali, e ha portato alla proposta di ispirare la gestione forestale al regime naturale di disturbo. La logica di questi due approcci è quella di poter replicare, attraverso la gestione, le strutture e i processi naturali, una logica basata su una visione deterministica del funzionamento degli ecosistemi forestali.
Una gestione veramente in armonia con la natura e con l’essenza degli ecosistemi forestali, deve invece operare in maniera coerente con il paradigma scientifico della complessità, superando il vecchio paradigma di riferimento, riduzionista e antropocentrico, legato alla prevedibilità e alla convinzione che sia possibile plasmare gli ecosistemi forestali per rispondere alle nostre esigenze secondo modelli di funzionamento predeterminati.
L’azione umana deve essere considerata come parte del sistema, riconoscendo le esigenze e i bisogni della società ma senza forzare la foresta in una struttura e una composizione predefinita mirata a ottenere specifici prodotti o “servizi”, o ritenuta più “naturale”. In conclusione, per rispondere in maniera realmente efficace alla richiesta di “più natura” occorre adottare una gestione accorta, adattativa, coerente con l’etica della foresta e quindi sistemica.
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